Yearly Archives: 2025

　　INTRODUCTIONDoing these simple things can also make laser burner Sowing high-quality genes will eventually grow into towering trees and become the leader in the industry. https://highpowerlaser.shop/collections/burning-laser

　　Since the birth of the laser in 1960, achieving high output power has been one of the eternal themes in the development of laser technology. The process of increasing laser energy is always accompanied by thermal energy, and thermal energy is useless in this process, “laser energy” and “thermal energy” are the highest and lowest quality forms of energy respectively, and the history of the development of high-power laser technology is a history of struggle with “waste heat”.

　　The first ruby laser[1″ target=_blank> that marked the birth of lasers in 1960 was a solid-state laser. Solid-state lasers usually use activated ion-doped crystals, ceramics and glass as the gain medium, and their gain medium forms include conventional bulk materials and low-dimensional materials represented by optical fibers. After the birth of solid-state lasers, on the one hand, the wavelength coverage was expanded, from the initial red light to short-wave green light, blue light, ultraviolet, deep ultraviolet development, long wavelength

　　Lasers have matured and commercialized in the near-infrared and mid-infrared bands, and on the other hand, the laser pulse width has been narrowed from microseconds (μs) to nanoseconds (ns), picoseconds (ps), and femtoseconds (fs), and attosecond (AS) lasers are expected to be engineered [2-3″ target=_blank>. The realization of high output power in any application scenario is the common goal of laser technology development [4-6″ target=_blank>.

　　With the increase of pump power, the thermal effect inside the gain medium is significantly enhanced, and the heat generated cannot be removed from the medium in time through heat conduction, resulting in an increase in the internal temperature and temperature gradient of the medium, and the thermal lensing effect and stress birefringence effect caused by the internal thermal distortion seriously deteriorate the beam quality and limit the further increase in power [7″ target=_blank>. In order to suppress the thermal effect, researchers have designed different types of solid-state lasers, such as heat-capacity lasers, thin-slice lasers, slat lasers, and fiber lasers [8″ target=_blank>, with the core idea of improving heat dissipation efficiency. In this paper, the working characteristics and research progress of the above solid-state lasers are briefly reviewed. In addition, based on the current theoretical and experimental research on the thermal conductivity (κ) of crystalline materials, from the perspective of improving the thermal conductivity of gain dielectric materials, the thinking and prospect of solving the thermal effect problem are proposed.

　　1 High-power lasers

　　1. 1 heat capacity laser

　　Heat-capacity lasers reduce the thermal distortion of gain materials by separating the working phase of the laser from the heat dissipation phase in time. When the heat capacity laser is working, the gain medium is in an approximately adiabatic environment, and its internal temperature gradient is small, and the resulting thermal distortion is also small. The internal accumulation of waste heat increases the temperature of the gain medium, which must be forced to cool after a period of continuous operation, depending on the thermodynamic properties of the material itself. Because the gain medium does not dissipate heat from the outside during the laser operation stage, its surface temperature is higher than that inside, and the compressive stress on the surface can greatly increase the damage threshold of the medium, and the allowable laser pumping strength is 5 times that of the surface in the state of tension. The output of a heat-capacity laser depends on the product of the gain medium and the temperature range of the laser that it can generate, so it is not only required that the gain dielectric material have a large heat capacity value, but also that the luminescence efficiency of the internally activated ions is less affected by the increase in temperature [9″ target=_blank>.

　　As early as 1994, Walters et al. [10″ target=_blank> used a heat-capacity laser with flash-pumped rod-shaped neodymium glass as the gain medium to achieve a pulsed laser output with an average power of more than 1 kW and a duration of several seconds, proving the feasibility of the heat-capacity laser scheme. Subsequently, the Lawrence Livermore national laboratory (LLNL) in the United States used large-size Nd3+｜Glass, Nd3+｜Gd3 Ga5 O12 (GGG) crystals, and Nd3+｜Y3 Al5 O12 (YAG) ceramics as the gain medium to carry out the research of solid-state heat-capacity lasers (see Fig. 1) [11″ target=_blank>: In 2001, LLNL used flash lamps to pump 9 pieces10 The cm〜10 cm Nd3+｜Glass obtained a pulsed laser output with an average power of 13 kW. In 2004, LLNL used a laser diode array to pump four 10cm〜10 cm Nd3+:GGG crystals to achieve 45 kW laser output. In 2006, LLNL used a laser diode array to pump five 10 cm 〜 10 cm Nd3+:YAG ceramics with an output power of up to 67 kW and a pulse duration of 500 ms. By introducing a real-time adaptive optical correction system in the cavity, the beam quality control was within 2 times the diffraction limit, and the laser running time was increased to 5 s [12″ target=_blank>.

　　Heat-capacity lasers have two important limitations: (1) the laser beam quality degrades rapidly with the increase of light generation time [13″ target=_blank>; (2) The cooling time of the gain medium accounts for 80% of the entire working cycle, which determines that the heat capacity laser cannot work at high frequency, and the working time in seconds is difficult to meet the practical requirements.

　　1. 2 thin-slice lasers

　　The gain medium of the thin slice laser is a thin sheet with a thickness of less than 1 mm, which is fixed to a rigid substrate that dissipates heat by solder, and the bottom surface of the contact acts as a cooling surface and also acts as a reflective surface for the laser and pump light, and the other side acts as a high transmission surface. Since the direction of heat flow and the direction of laser propagation are basically the same, the wavefront distortion caused by the temperature gradient can be largely ignored, resulting in a high beam quality laser output. The advantage of thin-slice lasers is that they maintain high beam quality at high power outputs. Thin-slice lasers are available in two types of pumping methods: end-pumping and side-pumping, as shown in Figure 2 [14″ target=_blank>.

　　Due to the short propagation distance of light in a single sheet, the gain capacity is limited, and the maximum output power is currently 5 kW [15″ target=_blank>, and further power increases require the cascade of multiple lamella for amplification (see Figure 3 [16″ target=_blank>). In 2000, Stewen et al. [17″ target=_blank> achieved a continuous laser output of 647 W in a single Yb3+｜YAG thin slice by end-pumping, and a maximum laser output of 1070 W by combining four thin slices. In 2009, the Boeing Company pumped 10 Yb3+:YAG thin slices to obtain a laser output of 28 kW, with a laser duration of several seconds and a beam mass close to the diffraction limit [18″ target=_blank>. The commercial thin-slice laser developed by Trumpf in Germany is capable of producing a continuous laser with a stable output power of 18 kW. Theoretical calculations show that the maximum output power of a single sheet is about 30 kW [15″ target=_blank>, and it is clear that the current experimental results are still quite far from the theoretical value.

　　At present, the main problems of thin slice lasers are: (1) high requirements for crystal thin slice processing and welding process; (2) The gain capacity of a single sheet is limited, and the cascade of multiple pieces will make the optical path of the system extremely complex, which requires high precision assembly and adjustment ability of the system.

모모INTRODUCTIONNow, everyone is right burning laser pointer Are more concerned, hoping to get more benefits from it. https://highpowerlaser.shop/collections/burning-laser

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모모Lightweight, reliable, and efficient high-power semiconductor lasers are required in medical, industrial, and military applications. Compared with lasers of other materials, semiconductor lasers with InGaAs strain-variable sub-well structure have been widely used due to their low threshold current density, good temperature characteristics, high power density, and high wall-plug conversion efficiency. Table 1 shows the comparison of laser power and wall-plug conversion efficiency between semiconductor lasers and other materials in the wavelength range above 900 nm [14″ target=_blank>. Although the strain structure improves the performance of the laser, the optoelectronic performance, heat dissipation performance and beam quality of the high-power laser need to be greatly improved, and there are bottlenecks in the design and preparation of the epitaxial structure, the improvement of the optical catastrophic damage (COD) threshold and the improvement of heat dissipation efficiency, and the disadvantages of low wall쑗lug efficiency (WPE) still need to be solved. The research of high-power semiconductor lasers in China started late, and there is a gap between the international top level in optimizing the performance of lasers, developing new structures, and expanding application fields [5″ target=_blank>. Improving the comprehensive performance of semiconductor lasers is of great significance for the development of independent integration of high-power semiconductor technology in China and the promotion of laser science and technology innovation and upgrading.

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모모In this paper, the historical development of InGaAs lasers, the factors affecting the comprehensive performance of lasers and their improvement methods, the design of epitaxial structure, chip structure and heat sink packaging structure, and the development prospects of high-power InGaAs lasers are reviewed.

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모모1 Historical development of high-power InGaAs quantum well lasers

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모모In 1984, Laidig et al. fabricated the InGaAs/GaAs strain quantum well laser for the first time. In 1991, Welch et al. [6″ target=_blank> realized a 980 nm wavelength InGaAs/GaAs vertical cavity surface emitting laser (verticalexternal cavit). 酵鍾樵田龍界杞裸裸鶯富徵 inglaser, VCSEL) at room temperature. In 1994, Fan et al. [7″ target=_blank> achieved a 1.05W output of a multi-quantum well InGaAs laser. In 2004, Chilla et al. [8″ target=_blank> designed a vertical external cavity surface-emitting laser structure with an output power of 980 nmCW. Up to 30W. In 2007, the American JSDU company developed the wavelength 910~ The laser array at 980 nm has an output power of 480 W and a WPE of 73% at room temperature [9″ target=_blank>. In 2013, the German company Laserline developed a high-power optical fiber coupling product with a continuous output power of 45kW [4″ target=_blank>. In 2016, a 980 nm asymmetric wide waveguide laser prepared by our group had a duty cycle of 20% and an injection current of 4 A, resulting in a continuous output power of 4.1 W per tube [10″ target=_blank>. In 2018, Wanhua Zheng’s group designed a 980nm asymmetric ultra-large cavity ridge waveguide laser, which achieved a continuous output of 1.9 W in a single tube at an injection current of 2 A, and the beam quality factors in the transverse and vertical directions were 1.77 and 1.47, respectively [9″ target=_blank>. Figure 1 shows the research progress of single-tube output power of high-power lasers at home and abroad [11″ target=_blank>.

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　　As the saying goes, “if you want to do a good job, you must first sharpen your tools”, when you want to go on stage to give a wonderful PPT explanation or teaching, in order to let the audience clearly grasp the progress position of what the narrator says, the guidance of the laser pointer is indispensable. However, there are not only a variety of styles that compound the functions of the briefing machine and mouse in the laser pointer products, but also common red light and professional-grade green light and blue light in terms of light color, so it must not be easy to buy.In the long run, blue laser The value will be higher and higher, and there will be a great leap in essence. https://highpowerlaser.shop/collections/frontpage

　　Therefore, this article will take you to understand the purchase skills of laser pointers, whether you want to find a style for presentations, or need a higher power industrial laser pointer, as long as you can find the most suitable product after reading this article, let’s read down to take a look!

　　Benefits of using a laser pointer:

　　When teaching and giving presentations on the podium, it is usually necessary to use auxiliary props such as laser pointers, so that the audience can clearly know where the content mentioned is on the PPT. However, many people who are looking for convenience and speed will choose to use their hands or long instruments such as batons to instruct, but laser pointers also have many irreplaceable advantages.

　　First, when the screen is too large or inconvenient to move around on stage, the hand and stylus may not be able to reach every corner of the frame, while the laser pointer can easily reach all the beams. In addition, when using a finger or a command pen, it is inevitable that part of the picture will be obscured by the shadow of the body, and the dotted laser pointer ensures that the audience can see the full text and graphics of the presentation.

　　In addition, when using a projector or or other device to make a report, it is common to turn off light sources such as electric lights to make the projected image clearer, but at the same time, the narrator’s movements become difficult to read due to the darkness, and the laser pointer can be clearly seen in a dimly lit environment. Therefore, it is recommended that all commentators buy a laser pointer in case of emergency, which will not only be more flexible in the way of use, but also greatly improve the accuracy of the report.

　　Key points for choosing a laser pointer

　　Next, we will explain what to consider when choosing a laser pointer, and whether you are buying from a physical store or an online store, you can find a product that meets your needs by checking the following points.

　　1. Think about the color of the light first

　　Laser pointers are mainly divided into red and green depending on the wavelength of the light, and although there are other colors such as blue light on the market, the following details the differences between the most common red and green colors.

　　1.1 Red light: high popularity, relatively affordable and easy to get

　　The red light type must be the most familiar laser pointer style in everyone’s impression, because of its cheapness, many styles and high popularity, it is very suitable for people who want to start quickly, in addition, the red light type due to low power consumption, a single battery can be used for a long time and is not easy to cut off, it is quite recommended to use people with high frequency to buy.

　　However, compared with green light, red light is not easy to project on screens such as plasma TVs, and its visual sensitivity and irradiation distance are also unsatisfactory, but it is more than enough for use in small spaces in classrooms or conference rooms.

　　1.2 Green light: suitable for large, bright spaces

　　Green light has high visual sensitivity and a long projection distance, and there are even high-performance models with a range of up to 200~300m on the market, so it is more stable for people who often use it in large conference rooms and lecture halls. However, due to the complexity of the structure, the average price is higher than that of the red light model; However, if you buy a cheap model, problems such as unstable beam output may occur, so it is recommended to compare the performance of each product when buying a green laser pointer to avoid mistakes.

　　2. The shape affects the feel when using

　　Laser pointers have a variety of styles to choose from depending on the shape, and it is recommended to evaluate the suitable products according to personal usage habits. For example, users who prioritize portability can choose a small pen type or key ring type; If you are concerned about the freedom of your hands when using it, you can choose a ring that can be fastened to your finger like a ring; For those who value grip, there is a special shape that enlarges the grip to match the shape of the palm.

　　However, when considering the feel, we should not ignore the disadvantages that come with it, such as the light source of the ring model is usually weak, and the style with a large grip will be bulky overall, so it is important to evaluate the balance of the advantages and disadvantages of the product when purchasing in order to find the most ideal product.

　　3. Diverse accessibility features

　　In addition to the models that simply have the function of an indicator light, there are also models with a variety of wireless technologies that can improve the smoothness of reporting.

　　3.1 Presentation function: easily switch PPT pages

　　Many occasions that use laser pointers to report will be operated together with PowerPoint (referred to as PPT) and other presentation software, at this time, if you choose a model with wireless technology, you can freely turn the page, so that the process of reporting can be more easily explained and freely interact with the audience without the scope of the computer.

　　3.2 Mouse function: free operation of the computer

　　If you have to operate the computer to play videos and open Excel spreadsheets from time to time, it is recommended to choose a laser pointer with mouse function, because it can freely click and slide the page, which can greatly reduce the rhythm of the report caused by operating the computer. Although this type of product has a large number of buttons and takes time to get started, it can be a great tool for presentations after getting used to the interface.

　　4. Confirm the range of wireless signal reception

　　If you intend to use the additional functions described in the preceding paragraph, the signal is usually connected by a USB wireless receiver or Bluetooth, and in order to ensure a smooth and uninterrupted signal between the laser pointer and the computer, it is important to confirm the signal reception range of the product when purchasing the relevant product.

　　Most of the signal range in commercial products falls between 10m~30m, so if you plan to use it in a large conference room, it is recommended to choose a wide range of models. In addition, the Bluetooth model usually has a large signal reception range, and even a long-distance product of up to 50m can be found, if you can’t confirm the size of the site before arriving at the site, or often operate the laser pointer in different scale locations, you must be able to use the Bluetooth laser pointer more securely.

　　5. CNS mark: to ensure product safety

　　Since the laser pointer is made to be recognized by the human eye by projecting a high-power concentrated beam, if it is directly irradiated to the eye, there will be a risk of blindness, so it is important to choose a model that has been inspected by the Bureau of Standards, Inspection and Inspection of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and passed the national standard (CNS, also known as orthography) when purchasing.

　　Generally speaking, the power of laser pointers for presentation on the market is limited to laser class 2 and 1mW, but if it is used for advanced applications such as engineering and stargazing, there are also products with higher power on the market, so it is recommended to select products according to individual use purposes. If you only need to use it in small spaces such as classrooms and conference rooms, you can reduce the risk to humans by choosing products with safety signs.

　　summary

　　In order to complete a perfect briefing, a laser pointer that can make a point is indispensable. By reading the key points of this article, I believe you have gradually clarified what products are suitable for you. I wish everyone can choose the right laser pointer for you.

　　As the saying goes, “if you want to do a good job, you must first sharpen your tools”, when you want to go on stage to give a wonderful PPT explanation or teaching, in order to let the audience clearly grasp the progress position of what the narrator says, the guidance of the laser pointer is indispensable. However, there are not only a variety of styles that compound the functions of the briefing machine and mouse in the laser pointer products, but also common red light and professional-grade green light and blue light in terms of light color, so it must not be easy to buy.Through bit by bit efforts, let powerful laser pointer Our market share is getting higher and higher, and the return on investment is also rising steadily. https://highpowerlaser.shop/collections/burning-laser

　　Therefore, this article will take you to understand the purchase skills of laser pointers, whether you want to find a style for presentations, or need a higher power industrial laser pointer, as long as you can find the most suitable product after reading this article, let’s read down to take a look!

　　Benefits of using a laser pointer:

　　When teaching and giving presentations on the podium, it is usually necessary to use auxiliary props such as laser pointers, so that the audience can clearly know where the content mentioned is on the PPT. However, many people who are looking for convenience and speed will choose to use their hands or long instruments such as batons to instruct, but laser pointers also have many irreplaceable advantages.

　　First, when the screen is too large or inconvenient to move around on stage, the hand and stylus may not be able to reach every corner of the frame, while the laser pointer can easily reach all the beams. In addition, when using a finger or a command pen, it is inevitable that part of the picture will be obscured by the shadow of the body, and the dotted laser pointer ensures that the audience can see the full text and graphics of the presentation.

　　In addition, when using a projector or or other device to make a report, it is common to turn off light sources such as electric lights to make the projected image clearer, but at the same time, the narrator’s movements become difficult to read due to the darkness, and the laser pointer can be clearly seen in a dimly lit environment. Therefore, it is recommended that all commentators buy a laser pointer in case of emergency, which will not only be more flexible in the way of use, but also greatly improve the accuracy of the report.

　　Key points for choosing a laser pointer

　　Next, we will explain what to consider when choosing a laser pointer, and whether you are buying from a physical store or an online store, you can find a product that meets your needs by checking the following points.

　　1. Think about the color of the light first

　　Laser pointers are mainly divided into red and green depending on the wavelength of the light, and although there are other colors such as blue light on the market, the following details the differences between the most common red and green colors.

　　1.1 Red light: high popularity, relatively affordable and easy to get

　　The red light type must be the most familiar laser pointer style in everyone’s impression, because of its cheapness, many styles and high popularity, it is very suitable for people who want to start quickly, in addition, the red light type due to low power consumption, a single battery can be used for a long time and is not easy to cut off, it is quite recommended to use people with high frequency to buy.

　　However, compared with green light, red light is not easy to project on screens such as plasma TVs, and its visual sensitivity and irradiation distance are also unsatisfactory, but it is more than enough for use in small spaces in classrooms or conference rooms.

　　1.2 Green light: suitable for large, bright spaces

　　Green light has high visual sensitivity and a long projection distance, and there are even high-performance models with a range of up to 200~300m on the market, so it is more stable for people who often use it in large conference rooms and lecture halls. However, due to the complexity of the structure, the average price is higher than that of the red light model; However, if you buy a cheap model, problems such as unstable beam output may occur, so it is recommended to compare the performance of each product when buying a green laser pointer to avoid mistakes.

　　2. The shape affects the feel when using

　　Laser pointers have a variety of styles to choose from depending on the shape, and it is recommended to evaluate the suitable products according to personal usage habits. For example, users who prioritize portability can choose a small pen type or key ring type; If you are concerned about the freedom of your hands when using it, you can choose a ring that can be fastened to your finger like a ring; For those who value grip, there is a special shape that enlarges the grip to match the shape of the palm.

　　However, when considering the feel, we should not ignore the disadvantages that come with it, such as the light source of the ring model is usually weak, and the style with a large grip will be bulky overall, so it is important to evaluate the balance of the advantages and disadvantages of the product when purchasing in order to find the most ideal product.

　　3. Diverse accessibility features

　　In addition to the models that simply have the function of an indicator light, there are also models with a variety of wireless technologies that can improve the smoothness of reporting.

　　3.1 Presentation function: easily switch PPT pages

　　Many occasions that use laser pointers to report will be operated together with PowerPoint (referred to as PPT) and other presentation software, at this time, if you choose a model with wireless technology, you can freely turn the page, so that the process of reporting can be more easily explained and freely interact with the audience without the scope of the computer.

　　3.2 Mouse function: free operation of the computer

　　If you have to operate the computer to play videos and open Excel spreadsheets from time to time, it is recommended to choose a laser pointer with mouse function, because it can freely click and slide the page, which can greatly reduce the rhythm of the report caused by operating the computer. Although this type of product has a large number of buttons and takes time to get started, it can be a great tool for presentations after getting used to the interface.

　　4. Confirm the range of wireless signal reception

　　If you intend to use the additional functions described in the preceding paragraph, the signal is usually connected by a USB wireless receiver or Bluetooth, and in order to ensure a smooth and uninterrupted signal between the laser pointer and the computer, it is important to confirm the signal reception range of the product when purchasing the relevant product.

　　Most of the signal range in commercial products falls between 10m~30m, so if you plan to use it in a large conference room, it is recommended to choose a wide range of models. In addition, the Bluetooth model usually has a large signal reception range, and even a long-distance product of up to 50m can be found, if you can’t confirm the size of the site before arriving at the site, or often operate the laser pointer in different scale locations, you must be able to use the Bluetooth laser pointer more securely.

　　5. CNS mark: to ensure product safety

　　Since the laser pointer is made to be recognized by the human eye by projecting a high-power concentrated beam, if it is directly irradiated to the eye, there will be a risk of blindness, so it is important to choose a model that has been inspected by the Bureau of Standards, Inspection and Inspection of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and passed the national standard (CNS, also known as orthography) when purchasing.

　　Generally speaking, the power of laser pointers for presentation on the market is limited to laser class 2 and 1mW, but if it is used for advanced applications such as engineering and stargazing, there are also products with higher power on the market, so it is recommended to select products according to individual use purposes. If you only need to use it in small spaces such as classrooms and conference rooms, you can reduce the risk to humans by choosing products with safety signs.

　　summary

　　In order to complete a perfect briefing, a laser pointer that can make a point is indispensable. By reading the key points of this article, I believe you have gradually clarified what products are suitable for you. I wish everyone can choose the right laser pointer for you.

　　1 IntroductionHope for the future strong laser pointer high power It can achieve rapid and stable development and serve social development and people’s needs well. https://highpowerlaser.shop/collections/burning-laser

　　Laser beam synthesis has been proposed and widely studied and applied in order to overcome the challenges encountered in improving the performance of single laser beams. As early as the 60s of the 20th century, Mr. Liu Songhao [1″ target=_blank> pointed out in the article “The Development Status of Lasers”: “In terms of device structure, in order to increase the output energy of a single rod-shaped working substance, in addition to increasing the length and diameter of the rod and increasing the energy density of the excitation light source, a multi-light source excitation device can be used. In order to increase

　　With the addition of output energy, dozens or even hundreds of devices can be coupled to form a so-called light maser array. The use of a maser array not only has the potential to greatly increase the output energy of the device, but also reduces the divergence angle of the output beam

　　Few. This approach has the potential to be one of the ways to develop high-energy devices. “The results of the literature survey show that the research process of laser beam synthesis is almost synchronous with that of lasers [2” target=_blank>

　　。 As stated in Ref. [1″ target=_blank>, “The implementation of the light maser array is very difficult, and many complex scientific and technical problems must be solved. ￣

　　Since the beginning of the 21st century, fiber laser has been fully developed. With the overlapping factors such as the modularization of fiber lasers, the superior performance of fiber devices, and the rapid development of information technology, important progress has been made in laser beam synthesis technology with fiber lasers as typical units [3-12″ target=_blank>, which has become a scientific frontier and key research direction in the field of lasers, and has been an important topic of international conferences such as Photonics West and Advanced Fiber Laser.

　　The domestic research results are also very fruitful, with scientific and technological journals successively publishing special albums [13-14″ target=_blank>, comprehensive academic conferences setting up special seminars [15″ target=_blank>, and beam synthesis gradually realizing the empowerment of laser systems [16″ target=_blank>. There are many types of lasers that can be synthesized and technical solutions for synthesis [17-23″ target=_blank>. Ref. [24″ target=_blank> provides a comprehensive analysis of the progress of laser beam synthesis from 2011 to 2020, covering all laser types. Ref. [25″ target=_blank> focuses on the progress of fiber laser coherent synthesis. In this paper, we comprehensively review the research progress of various synthesis technologies in recent years from multiple perspectives such as power synthesis, spectral synthesis, coherent synthesis and composite synthesis, analyze the development trend, summarize the research experience, and refine the latest trends, so as to provide reference for scientific research, teaching and application personnel in the field of fiber laser and beam synthesis.

　　2 Power synthesis

　　Power synthesis is the most common laser synthesis method [26″ target=_blank>, which can generally be divided into two categories: space power synthesis and all-fiber power synthesis. Among them, space synthesis generally refers to the control of the optical axis of each laser beam to make it pass

　　Free transmission or focusing and other methods to achieve spot coincidence at the target. Their common feature is that the beam quality is reduced while increasing the power [27″ target=_blank>. The pigtail coupled diode laser, which is commonly used in the development of fiber lasers, mostly adopts the method of spatial synthesis in its internal structure. For fiber lasers, most of the reports on spatial synthesis have focused on the development of high-power fiber laser systems [28″ target=_blank>. In recent years, there have been few reports on technology.

　　In contrast, all-fiber power synthesis has been a hot topic in laser synthesis in recent years, and its typical structure is shown in Figure 1 [29″ target=_blank>. As early as 2013, IPG Photonics reported that the world’s first 100 kW high-power fiber laser system was realized based on the power synthesis of 90 kW lasers, which was successfully applied to the field of laser processing [30″ target=_blank>. Soon after, a high-power fiber laser system in the 120 kW class was reported. The key to all-fiber power synthesis is the low-insertion-loss, high-power adaptive power combiner, which IPG Photonics’ homepage envisions for a 500 kW power output [31″ target=_blank>.

　　With the improvement of traction and power combiner performance required by applications, in recent years, several units have realized 100 kW fiber laser systems based on all-fiber power synthesis. In 2021, the University of South China and Ruike Gong

　　The company reported the first 100 kW fiber laser system in China [32-33″ target=_blank>; In 2024, Kaplin, Han’s, and Chuangxin have successively reported high-power fiber laser systems ranging from 150 kW to 200 kW [29,34-36″ target=_blank>. As long as the power beam combiner has sufficient “brightness redundancy” (i.e., the product of the diameter of the output pigtail and the numerical aperture is greater than the sum of the diameter and numerical aperture of all input fibers), then there is great potential to achieve low insertion loss and high power acceptance. Of course, the product of the diameter of the output pigtail and the numerical aperture also determines the beam quality of the output laser, which determines the application scenario and application effect.

　　In addition to continuing to increase the output power, there are three trends worth paying attention to in the power synthesis of all-fiber structures. The first is the development of ultra-high power fiber laser systems of 100 kW (or more) based on all-fiber power synthesis, which not only drives technological progress in the direction of laser devices and laser technology, but also promotes the development of advanced optoelectronic measurement [37″ target=_blank>. For example, the 150 kW fiber laser system reported in Ref. [35″ target=_blank> has been criticized by researchers because the output power exceeds the range of common calorimetry-based laser power meters

　　The innovative use of optical pressure-based power measurement methods [38″ target=_blank> provides a solution for direct measurement of higher power lasers. The second is the quality (brightness) of the laser beam synthesized by power. As mentioned above, if the product of the diameter of the output pigtail and the numerical aperture is large enough, then ultra-high power output can be achieved

　　But the quality of the output laser beam will deteriorate. The author has noticed that in 2009, IPG Photonics announced a project to achieve an output power of more than 50 kW and a beam quality of M2 through multi-laser all-fiber power synthesis (e.g., phase control [25″ target=_blank>) are possible.To further improve the beam quality of the system output, for example, Ref. [40″ target=_blank> has achieved a highly stable near-single-mode 10,000-watt laser output, and the mode control based on photonic lanterns [41″ target=_blank>, which has attracted much attention in recent years, is essentially in this category.

　　Laser pointers have become an increasingly popular tool in a variety of applications, such as presentations, stargazing, and even entertainment. The 301 500MW green high-power laser pointer is a powerful option that stands out. With its superior features and versatility, this laser pointer offers a superior user experience.This shows that, laser burner It has a strong development pulse and is an indispensable source of power for the development of the industry. https://highpowerlaser.shop/collections/burning-laser

　　The 301 500mw green light high power laser pointer is known for its green laser beam, which provides superior visibility compared to other colors. It operates at 500 milliwatts (MW) or 0.5 watts, making it more effective than a standard laser pointer. This power allows it to project bright and focused beams of light over long distances of up to several kilometers.

　　Experts are full of praise for the performance of the 301 500MW green light high power laser pointer. Dr. Samantha Thompson, an expert in laser technology, confirms: “The 301 500mw green high-power laser pointer offers significant advantages in terms of visibility and range. Its powerful beam makes it ideal for outdoor activities such as astronomy and even emergency signals. ￣

　　In addition to its powerful features, this laser pointer has a durable and compact design, ensuring easy portability. Its body is made of high-quality materials that can withstand daily use. The compact size makes it easy for users to slip it into their pocket or bag for easy access when they need it.

　　An important aspect to be aware of when using the 301 500mw green light high power laser pointer is safety. Due to its high power, it must be handled responsibly and with care. Direct exposure to light beams can be harmful to the eyes and skin, so proper precautions such as wearing protective eyewear should always be taken.

　　In order to further enhance the user experience, the 301 500MW green light high power laser pointer provides a variety of working modes. It can emit continuous beams of light or can be adjusted to produce different patterns, such as dots or stars. This versatility makes it suitable for a wide range of applications, including professional presentations or creating captivating visuals.

　　In addition, the 301 500MW green light high power laser pointer comes with a rechargeable battery that does not need to be replaced frequently. Not only does this save money in the long run, but it also reduces environmental waste. The battery life is impressive, providing longer use time before it needs to be recharged.

　　The benefits of a powerful laser beam

　　Improve visibility and range

　　One of the main advantages of the 301 500MW green light high power laser pointer is its powerful laser beam. Unlike low-power laser pointers, this model offers excellent visibility even in bright environments. Whether you’re giving a presentation in a well-lit room or pointing out the stars in the night sky, the 301 500MW green high power laser pointer ensures your beam is clearly visible.

　　And, the extended range of this laser pointer is particularly noteworthy. The higher power allows the beam to travel long distances, allowing it to be used in a variety of outdoor activities. Whether you’re a teacher, astronomer, or adventurer, having a laser pointer with long-range capabilities enhances your ability to interact with your surroundings.

　　”The power and range of the 301 500MW green high power laser pointer is outstanding. It penetrates ambient light, making it ideal for lecture halls or brightly lit conference rooms. ￣

　　Applications in astronomy and outdoor activities

　　Enhance your stargazing experience

　　Amateur astronomers can benefit greatly from the 301 500MW green high-power laser pointer. Its powerful beam can be precisely pointed in the night sky, making it easier to identify specific stars, planets, or constellations. In addition, the extended range allows astronomers to share their observations with others, even when observing through telescopes or binoculars.

　　Emergency signals and survival tools

　　In an emergency, a high-power laser pointer like the 301 500MW green light high-power laser pointer can be a lifesaver. Its intense beam can reach considerable distances, making it an effective tool for signaling rescuers during outdoor expeditions or search and rescue operations. Some models even come with additional security features, such as SOS mode, which emits a distress signal in Morse code.

　　Learn about laser safety

　　Responsible handling and precautions

　　Given the higher power of the 301 500MW green light high power laser pointer, it is crucial to handle it responsibly. Direct exposure to the laser beam may cause eye damage or skin burns. Therefore, it is crucial to never aim the laser at a person or animal, especially their eyes. When using the laser pointer outdoors, it is advisable to make sure that it does not traverse the flight path of the aircraft to avoid accidental distraction by the pilot.

　　The importance of protective eyewear

　　Protective eyewear is an important consideration when using a high-powered laser pointer. Laser goggles with an optical density appropriate to the wavelength of the laser should be worn to protect the eyes from accidental exposure. Always make sure you buy safety-certified goggles that are specifically designed for the power and wavelength of the laser pointer you’re using.

　　conclusion

　　The 301 500MW green high power laser pointer provides a powerful and versatile tool for a wide range of applications. Its high output power and superior range make it ideal for educators, astronomers, outdoor enthusiasts, and professionals. However, this laser pointer must be handled responsibly and the necessary safety precautions must be followed to prevent accidents and protect your own well-being and the well-being of others.

　　INTRODUCTIONSo, high powered laser pointer On the contrary, there is still a lot of room to play. https://highpowerlaser.shop/collections/burning-laser

　　Since the birth of the laser in 1960, achieving high output power has been one of the eternal themes in the development of laser technology. The process of increasing laser energy is always accompanied by thermal energy, and thermal energy is useless in this process, “laser energy” and “thermal energy” are the highest and lowest quality forms of energy respectively, and the history of the development of high-power laser technology is a history of struggle with “waste heat”.

　　The first ruby laser[1″ target=_blank> that marked the birth of lasers in 1960 was a solid-state laser. Solid-state lasers usually use activated ion-doped crystals, ceramics and glass as the gain medium, and their gain medium forms include conventional bulk materials and low-dimensional materials represented by optical fibers. After the birth of solid-state lasers, on the one hand, the wavelength coverage was expanded, from the initial red light to short-wave green light, blue light, ultraviolet, deep ultraviolet development, long wavelength

　　Lasers have matured and commercialized in the near-infrared and mid-infrared bands, and on the other hand, the laser pulse width has been narrowed from microseconds (μs) to nanoseconds (ns), picoseconds (ps), and femtoseconds (fs), and attosecond (AS) lasers are expected to be engineered [2-3″ target=_blank>. The realization of high output power in any application scenario is the common goal of laser technology development [4-6″ target=_blank>.

　　With the increase of pump power, the thermal effect inside the gain medium is significantly enhanced, and the heat generated cannot be removed from the medium in time through heat conduction, resulting in an increase in the internal temperature and temperature gradient of the medium, and the thermal lensing effect and stress birefringence effect caused by the internal thermal distortion seriously deteriorate the beam quality and limit the further increase in power [7″ target=_blank>. In order to suppress the thermal effect, researchers have designed different types of solid-state lasers, such as heat-capacity lasers, thin-slice lasers, slat lasers, and fiber lasers [8″ target=_blank>, with the core idea of improving heat dissipation efficiency. In this paper, the working characteristics and research progress of the above solid-state lasers are briefly reviewed. In addition, based on the current theoretical and experimental research on the thermal conductivity (κ) of crystalline materials, from the perspective of improving the thermal conductivity of gain dielectric materials, the thinking and prospect of solving the thermal effect problem are proposed.

　　1 High-power lasers

　　1. 1 heat capacity laser

　　Heat-capacity lasers reduce the thermal distortion of gain materials by separating the working phase of the laser from the heat dissipation phase in time. When the heat capacity laser is working, the gain medium is in an approximately adiabatic environment, and its internal temperature gradient is small, and the resulting thermal distortion is also small. The internal accumulation of waste heat increases the temperature of the gain medium, which must be forced to cool after a period of continuous operation, depending on the thermodynamic properties of the material itself. Because the gain medium does not dissipate heat from the outside during the laser operation stage, its surface temperature is higher than that inside, and the compressive stress on the surface can greatly increase the damage threshold of the medium, and the allowable laser pumping strength is 5 times that of the surface in the state of tension. The output of a heat-capacity laser depends on the product of the gain medium and the temperature range of the laser that it can generate, so it is not only required that the gain dielectric material have a large heat capacity value, but also that the luminescence efficiency of the internally activated ions is less affected by the increase in temperature [9″ target=_blank>.

　　As early as 1994, Walters et al. [10″ target=_blank> used a heat-capacity laser with flash-pumped rod-shaped neodymium glass as the gain medium to achieve a pulsed laser output with an average power of more than 1 kW and a duration of several seconds, proving the feasibility of the heat-capacity laser scheme. Subsequently, the Lawrence Livermore national laboratory (LLNL) in the United States used large-size Nd3+｜Glass, Nd3+｜Gd3 Ga5 O12 (GGG) crystals, and Nd3+｜Y3 Al5 O12 (YAG) ceramics as the gain medium to carry out the research of solid-state heat-capacity lasers (see Fig. 1) [11″ target=_blank>: In 2001, LLNL used flash lamps to pump 9 pieces10 The cm〜10 cm Nd3+｜Glass obtained a pulsed laser output with an average power of 13 kW. In 2004, LLNL used a laser diode array to pump four 10cm〜10 cm Nd3+:GGG crystals to achieve 45 kW laser output. In 2006, LLNL used a laser diode array to pump five 10 cm 〜 10 cm Nd3+:YAG ceramics with an output power of up to 67 kW and a pulse duration of 500 ms. By introducing a real-time adaptive optical correction system in the cavity, the beam quality control was within 2 times the diffraction limit, and the laser running time was increased to 5 s [12″ target=_blank>.

　　Heat-capacity lasers have two important limitations: (1) the laser beam quality degrades rapidly with the increase of light generation time [13″ target=_blank>; (2) The cooling time of the gain medium accounts for 80% of the entire working cycle, which determines that the heat capacity laser cannot work at high frequency, and the working time in seconds is difficult to meet the practical requirements.

　　1. 2 thin-slice lasers

　　The gain medium of the thin slice laser is a thin sheet with a thickness of less than 1 mm, which is fixed to a rigid substrate that dissipates heat by solder, and the bottom surface of the contact acts as a cooling surface and also acts as a reflective surface for the laser and pump light, and the other side acts as a high transmission surface. Since the direction of heat flow and the direction of laser propagation are basically the same, the wavefront distortion caused by the temperature gradient can be largely ignored, resulting in a high beam quality laser output. The advantage of thin-slice lasers is that they maintain high beam quality at high power outputs. Thin-slice lasers are available in two types of pumping methods: end-pumping and side-pumping, as shown in Figure 2 [14″ target=_blank>.

　　Due to the short propagation distance of light in a single sheet, the gain capacity is limited, and the maximum output power is currently 5 kW [15″ target=_blank>, and further power increases require the cascade of multiple lamella for amplification (see Figure 3 [16″ target=_blank>). In 2000, Stewen et al. [17″ target=_blank> achieved a continuous laser output of 647 W in a single Yb3+｜YAG thin slice by end-pumping, and a maximum laser output of 1070 W by combining four thin slices. In 2009, the Boeing Company pumped 10 Yb3+:YAG thin slices to obtain a laser output of 28 kW, with a laser duration of several seconds and a beam mass close to the diffraction limit [18″ target=_blank>. The commercial thin-slice laser developed by Trumpf in Germany is capable of producing a continuous laser with a stable output power of 18 kW. Theoretical calculations show that the maximum output power of a single sheet is about 30 kW [15″ target=_blank>, and it is clear that the current experimental results are still quite far from the theoretical value.

　　At present, the main problems of thin slice lasers are: (1) high requirements for crystal thin slice processing and welding process; (2) The gain capacity of a single sheet is limited, and the cascade of multiple pieces will make the optical path of the system extremely complex, which requires high precision assembly and adjustment ability of the system.

　　Great days happen in the second half of the year, and many enterprises will hold large-scale celebrations such as anniversaries and annual meetings at the end of the year, or hold corporate sports meetings while the autumn is crisp. Then it is inevitable to customize some badges, medals, trophies and other products. So what are the common customization of medals? Next, Hele Gift Xiaobian will take you to know.Actually, it’s not just this reason, custom medals for awards Its own advantages are also obvious, and it is normal for the market to perform well. https://www.karonmetal.com

　　1, high-grade metal medal medal medal

　　This kind of customization is mostly used for medals, medals, etc., and the workmanship is exquisite and very advanced. Exquisite gold foil carvings, each step is meticulous and shiny, gorgeous and noble, in line with the honor of medals and medal winners. With innovative technology, the fonts on the medals are clear and the patterns are colorful, which shows the quality.

　　2, paint badge badge

　　Paint badges are made of copper, iron, zinc alloy, etc. Most badges are made of copper. The surface of the badge generally has obvious concave-convex feeling, and the texture is very good. Adding baking paint and glue drops will make it smooth and bright, with clear lines and bright colors. Compared with enamel badges, it is cheaper and cost-effective, and it is the first choice for making middle and high-grade badges.

　　3, gold high quality bronze badge

　　Of course, you can directly choose this kind of stamping badge for the copper badge, which is full of metallic color, so you don’t have to worry about the color difference of printed glue, and it is also very advanced. And choose this golden style when customizing, which is more atmospheric and durable. At the same time, the mold can also be hollowed out, and the effect is very delicate and beautiful.

　　When it comes to wiring and electrical installations, selecting the right type of cable is crucial for ensuring safety, performance, and durability. Flexible multicore cables are a popular choice for a wide range of applications due to their versatility and reliability. Whether you¨re designing an industrial control system, setting up a power distribution network, or wiring machinery, flexible multicore cables can provide the flexibility and performance you need. But how do you choose the right one for your specific requirements?In the past ten years, EV cable manufacturing Defeated many competitors, courageously advanced in the struggle, and polished many good products for customers. https://www.linkcablecn.com

　　In this article, we¨ll guide you through the key factors to consider when selecting the right multicore flexible cable for your needs, with a focus on multicore flexible power cables, multicore flexible electrical cables, and choosing the best multicore flexible cable manufacturer, like TL-LINK.

　　multicore flexible power cable.jpg

　　1. Understanding the Different Types of Flexible Multicore Cables

　　Before you make a decision, it’s essential to understand the different types of flexible multicore cables and their applications. These cables are designed to carry multiple electrical signals or power lines in a single, flexible casing, and come in various configurations and constructions. Here are some common types:

　　Multicore Flexible Power Cable: This type of cable is designed specifically for transmitting electrical power. It’s used in power distribution systems, machinery, and equipment that requires a stable and reliable power supply. The multicore flexible power cable ensures optimal power delivery while maintaining flexibility, even in tight spaces.

　　Multicore Flexible Electrical Cables: Used primarily for electrical systems, these cables are essential for carrying signals or power between different components of electrical systems. They¨re often used in commercial buildings, machinery, and control systems. Multicore flexible electrical cables are perfect for applications where flexibility and easy installation are key.

　　2. Factors to Consider When Choosing the Right Cable

　　When selecting the right flexible multicore cable, there are several important factors to consider:

　　a. Cable Size and Configuration

　　The number of cores (conductors) and their size will depend on your specific application. More cores are necessary for complex electrical systems that require multiple connections, while larger gauge wires are needed for higher power transmission. Ensure that the cable¨s core configuration fits the power or signal requirements of your application.

　　b. Environmental Considerations

　　Consider the environment in which the cable will be installed. For example, if you’re using multicore flexible cables outdoors or in industrial settings, you¨ll need cables with extra protection against environmental factors such as UV rays, chemicals, moisture, or extreme temperatures. Look for multicore flexible electrical cables that come with robust insulation and protective sheaths designed for harsh conditions.

　　c. Flexibility and Durability

　　One of the key benefits of flexible multicore cables is their ability to bend and move without breaking. When choosing a cable, ensure that it meets the specific flexibility requirements of your installation. If the cable needs to withstand frequent movement or bending (like in robotics or automation systems), opt for cables that offer high durability and flexibility.

　　d. Voltage and Current Rating

　　Every cable is designed to carry a certain amount of voltage and current. Check the voltage rating and current-carrying capacity of the cable to ensure it can handle the load of your application. For example, multicore flexible power cables are designed for higher power applications, while multicore flexible electrical cables might be used for lower power, signal-based applications.

　　e. Insulation Material

　　The insulation material of the cable plays a vital role in protecting the conductors and ensuring safe operation. Common materials used for insulation include PVC, rubber, or TPE (thermoplastic elastomer). Make sure to select the right material based on the operating temperature range, mechanical protection, and chemical resistance your cable will require.

　　Laser pointers have become an increasingly popular tool in a variety of applications, such as presentations, stargazing, and even entertainment. The 301 500MW green high-power laser pointer is a powerful option that stands out. With its superior features and versatility, this laser pointer offers a superior user experience.In today’s market background, purple laser pointer Still maintain a strong sales data, and constantly beat the competitors in front of us. https://highpowerlaser.shop/collections/frontpage/products/laser-pointer

　　The 301 500mw green light high power laser pointer is known for its green laser beam, which provides superior visibility compared to other colors. It operates at 500 milliwatts (MW) or 0.5 watts, making it more effective than a standard laser pointer. This power allows it to project bright and focused beams of light over long distances of up to several kilometers.

　　Experts are full of praise for the performance of the 301 500MW green light high power laser pointer. Dr. Samantha Thompson, an expert in laser technology, confirms: “The 301 500mw green high-power laser pointer offers significant advantages in terms of visibility and range. Its powerful beam makes it ideal for outdoor activities such as astronomy and even emergency signals. ￣

　　In addition to its powerful features, this laser pointer has a durable and compact design, ensuring easy portability. Its body is made of high-quality materials that can withstand daily use. The compact size makes it easy for users to slip it into their pocket or bag for easy access when they need it.

　　An important aspect to be aware of when using the 301 500mw green light high power laser pointer is safety. Due to its high power, it must be handled responsibly and with care. Direct exposure to light beams can be harmful to the eyes and skin, so proper precautions such as wearing protective eyewear should always be taken.

　　In order to further enhance the user experience, the 301 500MW green light high power laser pointer provides a variety of working modes. It can emit continuous beams of light or can be adjusted to produce different patterns, such as dots or stars. This versatility makes it suitable for a wide range of applications, including professional presentations or creating captivating visuals.

　　In addition, the 301 500MW green light high power laser pointer comes with a rechargeable battery that does not need to be replaced frequently. Not only does this save money in the long run, but it also reduces environmental waste. The battery life is impressive, providing longer use time before it needs to be recharged.

　　The benefits of a powerful laser beam

　　Improve visibility and range

　　One of the main advantages of the 301 500MW green light high power laser pointer is its powerful laser beam. Unlike low-power laser pointers, this model offers excellent visibility even in bright environments. Whether you’re giving a presentation in a well-lit room or pointing out the stars in the night sky, the 301 500MW green high power laser pointer ensures your beam is clearly visible.

　　And, the extended range of this laser pointer is particularly noteworthy. The higher power allows the beam to travel long distances, allowing it to be used in a variety of outdoor activities. Whether you’re a teacher, astronomer, or adventurer, having a laser pointer with long-range capabilities enhances your ability to interact with your surroundings.

　　”The power and range of the 301 500MW green high power laser pointer is outstanding. It penetrates ambient light, making it ideal for lecture halls or brightly lit conference rooms. ￣

　　Applications in astronomy and outdoor activities

　　Enhance your stargazing experience

　　Amateur astronomers can benefit greatly from the 301 500MW green high-power laser pointer. Its powerful beam can be precisely pointed in the night sky, making it easier to identify specific stars, planets, or constellations. In addition, the extended range allows astronomers to share their observations with others, even when observing through telescopes or binoculars.

　　Emergency signals and survival tools

　　In an emergency, a high-power laser pointer like the 301 500MW green light high-power laser pointer can be a lifesaver. Its intense beam can reach considerable distances, making it an effective tool for signaling rescuers during outdoor expeditions or search and rescue operations. Some models even come with additional security features, such as SOS mode, which emits a distress signal in Morse code.

　　Learn about laser safety

　　Responsible handling and precautions

　　Given the higher power of the 301 500MW green light high power laser pointer, it is crucial to handle it responsibly. Direct exposure to the laser beam may cause eye damage or skin burns. Therefore, it is crucial to never aim the laser at a person or animal, especially their eyes. When using the laser pointer outdoors, it is advisable to make sure that it does not traverse the flight path of the aircraft to avoid accidental distraction by the pilot.

　　The importance of protective eyewear

　　Protective eyewear is an important consideration when using a high-powered laser pointer. Laser goggles with an optical density appropriate to the wavelength of the laser should be worn to protect the eyes from accidental exposure. Always make sure you buy safety-certified goggles that are specifically designed for the power and wavelength of the laser pointer you’re using.

　　conclusion

　　The 301 500MW green high power laser pointer provides a powerful and versatile tool for a wide range of applications. Its high output power and superior range make it ideal for educators, astronomers, outdoor enthusiasts, and professionals. However, this laser pointer must be handled responsibly and the necessary safety precautions must be followed to prevent accidents and protect your own well-being and the well-being of others.